This theory clarifies the nature of existence and non-existence, suggesting a clear logical framework.
The confusion between the ontological Primordial 1 and the symbolic 0 has long plagued cosmology and logic theory, leading to endless paradoxes such as “existence arising from non-existence.” This paper separately establishes the true nature of 1 and 0: the Primordial 1 is the absolute, unique ontological foundation, while 0 is only a relative, man-made symbolic tool for boundary and state marking. The two are independent in essence yet functionally related. We use the logical set ^1{}^+, ^1{}^-, upward, downward to represent Being—the differentiated state of Primordial 1; and use 1^0 to represent Non-Being—the contracted, latent state of Primordial 1. By clarifying their strict boundary and connection, we construct a logically closed cosmic origin system and thoroughly resolve the interference of 0 with the understanding of 1.
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Zhenmin Wang (2026) studied this question.
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