Effects of Therapeutic Aquatic Exercise Versus Physical Therapy Modalities on Pain and Disability in People With Chronic Low Back Pain: Potential Mediating Roles of Kinesiophobia, Anxiety, and Depression

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Key Points

To compare the effects of therapeutic aquatic exercise and physical therapy modalities on pain and disability in chronic low back pain while assessing the roles of kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression.
Conducted a clinical trial registered with ChiCTR
Compared outcomes between therapeutic aquatic exercise and physical therapy modalities
Evaluated the mediating effects of kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression on outcomes
Participants in the aquatic exercise group reported greater reductions in pain compared to those in physical therapy
Disability levels were also lower in the aquatic exercise group
Kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression were found to mediate the relationship between treatment type and outcomes

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Comparative study shows therapeutic aquatic exercise may reduce pain and disability in chronic low back pain, indicating a beneficial alternative.

Chinese Registry of Clinical Trial: ChiCTR1800016396.

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Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

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