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Demonstrates GM-CSF mitigates glutamate-induced toxicity in C6 glioma cells, indicating its potential therapeutic role.
In conclusion, GM-CSF effectively mitigates glutamate-induced toxicity in C6 glioma cells by counteracting oxidative stress, preserving genomic integrity, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine release, inhibiting apoptosis, maintaining mitochondrial function, stabilizing energy metabolism, and modulating autophagy. These findings highlight the extensive protective mechanism of GM-CSF and support its potential as a therapeutic candidate for attenuating excitotoxic damage.
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Motafeghi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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