Plasma Ceramides and Sphingomyelins and Sudden Cardiac Death in the Cardiovascular Health Study

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Baseline Characteristics and Trends Across Quartiles of Sphingolipid Levels Among Cardiovascular Health Study Participants Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean (SD). Unadjusted linear and logistic regression models were used to assess significant (P < .0018; 0.05/28 characteristics) associations of log-transformed sphingolipids with each characteristic. The dotted lines represent means or percentages of each characteristic across quartiles of each of the sphingolipids; dark blue lines indicate significant positive trends, orange lines indicate statistically significant negative trends, and light blue lines indicate P > .0018. Q1 indicates the mean or percentage of each characteristic among participants with a sphingolipid level in the lowest 25% of the distribution; Q4 indicates the mean or percentage among participants with a sphingolipid level in the highest 25% of the distribution. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); Cer-16, ceramide with palmitic acid; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;…

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  Figure 2.. Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) per Higher SD of Log Sphingolipid Levels Based on 215 Events Among 4612 Patients Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were adjusted for age, sex, race, study site, body mass index, treated hypertension, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, smoking, and prevalent type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Additionally, ceramide and sphingomyelin with palmitic acid (Cer-16 and SM-16, respectively) include adjustment for ceramide with behenic acid (Cer-22) and sphingomyelin with behenic acid (SM-22), respectively; ceramide with arachidic acid (Cer-20), behenic acid (Cer-22), and lignoceric acid (Cer-24) include adjustment for Cer-16; and sphingomyelin with arachidic acid (SM-20), behenic acid (SM-22), and lignoceric acid (SM-24) include adjustment for SM-16.

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  Figure 3.. Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) and Incident Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction (MI) per Higher SD of Log Sphingolipid Levels Participants with a history of MI were excluded from both analyses. Of the remaining 4092 participants, there were 160 instances of SCD and 412 instances of nonfatal MI. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs are presented, adjusted for age, sex, race, study site, body mass index, treated hypertension, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, smoking, and prevalent type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Additionally, ceramide and sphingomyelin with palmitic acid (Cer-16 and SM-16, respectively) include adjustment for ceramide with behenic acid (Cer-22) and sphingomyelin with behenic acid (SM-22), respectively; ceramide with arachidic acid (Cer-20), behenic acid (Cer-22), and lignoceric acid (Cer-24) include adjustment for Cer-16; and sphingomyelin with arachidic acid (SM-20), behenic acid (SM-22), and lignoceric acid (SM-24) include adjustment for SM-16.