Various energy-driven high-value-added oxidation reactions in CO ₂ reduction systems

In many CO₂ reduction systems, the conventional oxidation half-reaction is typically the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the sluggish kinetics of the OER and its low-value product (O₂) pose key challenges to the practical implementation and economic feasibility of these systems. Accordingly, developing alternative oxidation reactions that yield high-value-added products has emerged as an essential strategy to enhance both the efficiency and the overall economic attractiveness of CO₂ reduction technology. Herein, we systematically summarize recent progress in coupling CO₂ reduction with value-added oxidation reactions, such as the oxidation of alcohols, amines, biomass-derived feedstocks and plastic waste. This integration spans various catalytic types, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and multi-energy-driven catalysis of CO₂ reduction systems. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, highlighting several promising directions, including the rational design of novel catalysts, in-depth mechanistic studies, and comprehensive system-level analyses of energy efficiency and techno-economic performance.