Systematic Review: Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications

P. gingivalis OMVs act as key mediators of virulence dissemination and significantly modulate host-microbe interactions along the oral-systemic axis. This systematic review consolidates recent advancements in the research on P. gingivalis OMVs, emphasizing their roles in immunoregulation, pathogenic mechanisms, and associations with both periodontal and systemic diseases. Gaps in existing literature include strain-specific heterogeneity of OMVs and the dose-response relationships within systemic disease contexts. Future studies should employ multi-omics approaches and standardized methodologies to elucidate their heterogeneity and dose-response relationships, facilitating targeted therapies.