A systematic review demonstrates effective nursing interventions for managing bladder spasms in adults, highlighting the need for further evidence.
Nursing-led, non-pharmacological interventions play a central role in managing bladder spasms in patients with indwelling urinary catheters and should be prioritized in clinical practice. Further high-quality studies with standardized outcome measures are required to strengthen the evidence base.
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Padval et al. (2026) studied this question.
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