Abstract Cadmium, a heavy metal, is also a well-established environmental pollutant, mainly known for its neurotoxic and behavioural effects on organisms in aquatic environments, particularly during early developmental stages. The effects of ionic Cadmium have been widely studied in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-accepted model organism for neurodevelopmental toxicology, whereas only a limited number of studies have focused on the risk factors associated with Cadmium sulphide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are entering the aquatic environments rapidly, but their toxicological effects remain poorly defined. This review focuses on and explores the behavioural and neurodevelopmental effects of ionic Cd in zebrafish, primarily on well-documented findings related to Cd2+ and on the less-studied impacts of CdS NPs. This limited evidence indicates that CdS nanoparticles induce oxidative stress, proteotoxic damage, and alterations in neurodevelopmental gene expression, although the data are fragmentary. By emphasising these gaps in studies on CdS toxicity and placing them within the broader research domain of Cadmium and nanoparticles toxicity studies. This review aims to provide useful information and investigations to promote a more advanced understanding of risks posed by nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems and food webs.
S et al. (Mon,) studied this question.