Musculoskeletal Pain Phenotypes in Private Orthopedic Clinics in Mexico, Including Mixed Pain: A Multicenter Study

In this multicenter private-clinic sample, nociceptive pain was the most frequent operationally classified phenotype, and mixed pain represented a substantial proportion of cases. These findings support the need for a comprehensive and individualized diagnostic approach in private orthopedic practice, while warranting cautious interpretation given the use of a pragmatic, nonvalidated phenotyping algorithm. The reported estimates should not be interpreted as national estimates for Mexico overall. Further research is needed to better characterize mixed pain in Mexican clinical populations.