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This study aims to compare the gut microenvironment and its metabolites in breastfed and formula-fed infants.

April 17, 2026Food Science & NutritionOpen Access

Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Profiling Reveals the Effects of Feeding Approaches on Infants' Gut Microenvironment

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This study aims to compare the gut microenvironment and its metabolites in breastfed and formula-fed infants.
Prospective cohort study with 44 healthy infants at 6 months, divided into BF (27) and FF (17) groups.
Fecal samples collected and analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics.
Spearman's rank correlation test used to evaluate associations between gut microbiota and metabolites.
BF infants showed higher levels of Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus, and Rothia; FF infants had more Enterococcus and Mediterraneibacter.
600 dysregulated metabolites identified, with 225 up-regulated and 375 down-regulated in BF infants.
12 significant metabolites linked to KEGG pathways, primarily down-regulated arachidonic acid metabolites in BF group.

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Prospective cohort study reveals that breastfeeding modulates gut microbiota and metabolites in infants, suggesting immunological benefits.

Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Prospective cohort study reveals that breastfeeding modulates gut microbiota and metabolites in infants, suggesting immunological benefits.