Network hypermotifs in biological systems: structure, dynamics, and functional implications

Biological networks exhibit complex structural organization, from motifs, which are recurring patterns of gene, protein, and molecular interactions, to higher order assemblies such as hypermotifs. Hypermotifs are statistically significant higher order assemblies formed through interactions and combinations of motifs, giving rise to collective structural and functional properties. This review discusses hypermotifs in biological networks, focusing on their structure, dynamics, functions, and patterns such as motif clustering and motif generalizations.