Dual perspectives on large language models in rheumatology: physician-rated quality and patient-centered usability of GPT-4o versus DeepSeek-V3

Findings highlight the need for topic-aware governance: guideline-dense queries suited to retrieval-augmented generation and checklist compliance, and context-sensitive queries requiring uncertainty signaling and human oversight. This layered approach advances health informatics by defining where LLMs may substitute versus where they require verification, supporting safe and auditable integration into patient education.