Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Layer Chicken Farms in Indonesia: A Review

Layer farming plays a vital role in providing animal-derived food products. Increased production raises concern about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), mainly due to widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics as growth promoters and prophylactic therapeutics. The present study aimed to investigate the development and risk factors associated with AMR in layer farms across Indonesia. Antimicrobial resistance represented a significant global threat to both human and animal health, leading to treatment failures, rising healthcare costs, and the spread of resistant pathogens through the food chain. Bacterial resistance mechanisms, including antibiotic inactivation, modifications of antimicrobial target sites, and reduced cellular permeability, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria further exacerbated AMR problem. Globally, regulations on antibiotic use in livestock farming differed significantly, with some countries implementing stringent bans while others continued to permit their use. In Indonesia, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been officially prohibited; however, enforcement remained inconsistent due to limited access to veterinary services, inadequate monitoring systems, and insufficient awareness among farmers. Effective AMR management depended on a one health framework that integrates human, animal, and environmental health. To promote responsible antimicrobial use and strengthen veterinary services, cross-sectoral coordination was vital for advancing training, infrastructure, and diagnostics. These efforts enabled the development of evidence-based policies, including regulations on the use of antibiotics in livestock and national action plans supported by robust surveillance systems. By adopting systemic approaches and innovative farm management practices, the risks associated with AMR can be effectively mitigated, ensuring the sustainability of the livestock sector and safeguarding global health.