A Comprehensive Review of Recent Strategies on Automatic Generation Control/Load Frequency Control in Power Systems

This review article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature along with comprehensive bibliography on automatic generation control (AGC)/load frequency control investigations. Different control perspectives concerning frequency and power control have been featured. Diverse linear, non-linear power system models are discussed under conventional and deregulated environments considering various power generation sources, including conventional, renewable energy sources (RES), and realistic RES. Moreover, AGC literature briefly explains various secondary controllers like integer order, fractional order, intelligent, cascade, and some recently used controllers. To obtain the optimum values of secondary controllers, various optimization strategies such as numerical approach, heuristic, and meta-heuristic techniques for AGC issues are mentioned. Also, AGC studies concerning power transmission, considering inertia and phase-locked loops in high voltage direct current (HVDC) and accurate HVDC models are discussed. Further, AGC literature integrated with flexible alternating current transmission system devices in loaded transmission lines and energy storage devices due to intermittent power generation in RES is deliberated. Furthermore, various performance index criteria (PIC) such as standard PIC and hybrid peak area (HPA)–PIC for controller optimization with algorithms are also conferred.