Recent Advancements in Electrocatalytic CO ₂ Reduction Using Different Porphynoids

The growing global energy demand and rapid growth in industrialization and urbanization have intensified the consumption of fossil fuels, leading to an alarming accumulation of CO 2 in the atmosphere. The rise in greenhouse gases contributes to severe environmental and health challenges. The reduction of CO 2 into energy dense products such as CO, formate, alcohols, and hydrocarbons offers a promising strategy to reduce these effects. The electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR) stands out among various approaches due to its compatibility with renewable electricity. However, activating the thermodynamically stable CO 2 molecule remains a significant challenge, and it requires the development of selective, robust, and efficient electrocatalysts. The N 4 ‐macrocyclic complexes, capable of mimicking enzymatic active sites and facilitating multi‐electron CO 2 transformations including porphyrins, corroles, and phthalocyanines (Pcs), have emerged as a distinct class of molecular catalysts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent progress in N 4 ‐macrocyclic metal complexes for CO 2 RR, focusing on their design principles, electronic structure modulation, and mechanistic insights.