Nighttime Image Dehazing for Urban Monitoring via a Mixed-Norm Variational Model

As modern urban systems advance, video surveillance has become indispensable for ensuring high-quality urban development. Nighttime images acquired in urban monitoring scenarios are often degraded by haze and non-uniform illumination, resulting in reduced visibility, color distortion, and blurred structural boundaries. To address these issues, this paper proposes a nighttime image dehazing framework that combines mixed-norm variational atmospheric-light estimation with adaptive boundary-constrained transmission refinement. Specifically, an L2 − Lp mixed-norm regularization model is introduced to improve atmospheric-light estimation under complex nighttime illumination and suppress halo diffusion and color distortion around strong light sources. In addition, an adaptive boundary-constrained transmission refinement strategy with weighted soft-threshold shrinkage is developed to reduce residual artifacts while preserving structural edges. Experimental results on synthetic and real nighttime haze datasets demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms representative state-of-the-art methods in both visual quality and quantitative metrics, showing superior robustness and restoration performance for nighttime urban monitoring applications.