Clinical Application of Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesiology: A Multicenter Retrospective Comparison Between Human Anesthetic Decisions and Algorithmic Recommendations in Non-Cardiac Surgery

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively entering perioperative medicine; however, its role in preoperative anesthetic decision-making remains insufficiently characterized. We evaluated the concordance between anesthesiologist-selected anesthetic techniques and algorithm-generated recommendations in a cohort of adult patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Methods: This retrospective observational study included adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery between January 2024 and January 2025 at two international centers (Mexico and Italy). Clinical, demographic, and surgical variables were extracted from electronic medical records. For each case, a structured anonymized vignette was submitted to ChatGPT (version 5.0, medical configuration) to obtain an independent recommendation regarding anesthetic technique. Concordance between AI-generated and clinician-selected techniques was assessed using agreement analysis and stratified by country and surgical specialty. Results: A total of 1965 patients were analyzed. Overall concordance between ChatGPT recommendations and anesthesiologist-selected techniques was 84.6%. Agreement remained stable across centers (Mexico 84.3%; Italy 88.7%). Disagreement rates varied by surgical specialty, with the highest values observed in vascular and proctologic surgery (28.6%), followed by urology (21.1%) and thoracic surgery (18.8%). Orthopedic procedures—particularly shoulder arthroscopy—accounted for a relevant proportion of divergences, where AI frequently favored regional techniques over general anesthesia. No specialty demonstrated discordance exceeding 30%. Conclusions: AI-generated anesthetic recommendations demonstrated substantial concordance with expert clinical decision-making across heterogeneous surgical settings. These findings support the potential integration of AI within a hybrid decision-making framework, complementing—rather than replacing—anesthesiologist expertise in contemporary perioperative care.