Oxygen Vacancy Evolution at Li x V ₂ O ₅ /LiPON Solid State Electrochemical Interfaces Using Depth Resolved Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy

The formation of oxygen vacancies at buried LiPON/LixV₂O₅ interfaces has been observed on a near-nanometer scale and nondestructively using depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS) and interfacial markers. Before electrochemical cycling, as-deposited LiPON/LixV₂O₅ exhibits a 1.6 eV defect optical emission, which density functional theory calculations identify as originating from oxygen vacancies. This defect appears first within a few nanometers of the buried LiPON/LixV₂O₅ interface without cycling, indicating that spontaneous O diffusion from the LixV₂O₅ lattice into LiPON may have caused these interface-localized oxygen vacancy defects. DRCLS measured the intensity and spatial distribution of this oxygen vacancy signal as a function of electrochemical cycling in a LiPON/LixV₂O₅ half-cell, showing oxygen vacancy signal increasing and moving deeper into the electrode with increased cycle number. Significant electrochemical irreversibility was also observed, with poor Coulombic efficiency and a 15% drop in capacity over 50 cycles. Theoretical simulations predict that the presence of oxygen vacancies increases the energy barrier for lithium diffusion significantly, indicating that this aggregation of oxygen vacancies could be another battery degradation mechanism accompanying lithiation induced phase changes.