A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Sustainability of Informal Settlements in Qods City Using the Integrated DEMATEL–Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)Approach

Aims: This study evaluates the sustainability of informal settlements in Qods City by analyzing causal relationships and the influence intensity among key sustainability indicators. Three informal neighborhoods were selected to assess sustainability across physical, social, economic, and managerial dimensions. Methodology: Sustainability indicators and sub-indicators were identified through a systematic literature review and expert consultation. Data were collected using field observations and resident questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analyses including the one-sample T-test and Friedman test were applied to determine sustainability levels, and effect size was calculated to interpret practical significance. Furthermore, the DEMATEL technique was used to construct a total relationship matrix, and DEMATEL was integrated with ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling).to build a hierarchical network mapping the interdependencies among sub-indicators. Findings: Findings revealed that although some sub-indicators such as ethnicity, income, and land-use compatibility scored above average, the overall sustainability of the informal settlements was weak or unstable. Economically, the neighborhoods showed favorable conditions, while urban management emerged as the most deficient indicator. Social security, as well as physical aspects including street quality and urban aesthetic quality, were identified as weak. The DEMATEL-ISM analysis clarified the causal and dependent roles of indicators within the sustainability network. Conclusion: The results underscore significant sustainability challenges in Qods City’s informal settlements. By identifying both influential and dependent indicators, the study provides a structured basis for targeted interventions. A comprehensive proposal was formulated to enhance sustainability, combining strategic measures for high-impact causal factors with project-based actions to address dependent and deficient areas.