Recent Advances in Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: Materials, Structures, and Applications

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are a promising class of artificial muscles due to their large actuation strains, high energy and power densities, and fast response. Recent advances in material development and actuator structural design have continued to broaden the application landscape. Meanwhile, diverse and application-specific performance requirements have provided clear guidance for optimizing material properties and structural configurations, thereby driving sustained progress in the field. This Review summarizes recent advances in DEAs, with a focus on key technological breakthroughs from three perspectives: materials, structures, and applications, highlighting emerging design concepts and strategies. Special attention is given to recent breakthroughs in dielectric elastomer materials achieved through polymer network engineering and the incorporation of functional components, emphasizing improvements in performance, long-term stability, and multifunctionality. Finally, the remaining challenges and future prospects for the practical implementation of DEAs are discussed.