Advances in virtual reality technology have given rise to immersive virtual reality exergaming (IVRE), offering new opportunities to increase public physical activity levels and promote the development of recreational sports. This study proposes a systematic evaluation framework for user satisfaction (USAT) during IVRE usage, providing measurement instruments and decision-making support for assessing and improving USAT. We first used a qualitative method called grounded theory to analyze in-depth interviews with users. This helped us identify the key factors that shape their satisfaction. Then, we combined expert opinions with a statistical technique (the G1-CRITIC method) to determine how important each of these factors is. Finally, we tested our framework on eight popular IVRE platforms using a multi-criteria decision-making tool (the VIKOR method) to confirm that it works in practice. The results indicate that the developed USAT evaluation framework comprises five primary indices, fourteen secondary indices, and fifty-seven tertiary indices. Empirical findings demonstrate that the framework exhibits satisfactory reliability and validity. This study provides a methodological and empirical foundation for the design and development of IVRE, with an emphasis on enhancing user experience. Moreover, it extends existing theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches in IVRE research, offering a valuable reference for future related studies.
Fu et al. (2026) studied this question.