Findings reveal poor antibiotic dispensing practices in Iraqi pharmacies, suggesting the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship.
Non-prescription antibiotic dispensing and minimal counseling remain widespread in Iraqi pharmacies. Effective AMS in Iraq will require phased, system-level approaches, including strengthened regulatory enforcement, workforce support addressing all pharmacy personnel, and integration of community pharmacies into national AMR strategies.
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Darweesh et al. (2026) studied this question.
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