Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel approach for managing metabolic disorders

• Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are key mediators of microbe-host interactions. • bEVs represent a new class of natural nano-postbiotics. • PEVs from different sources improve metabolic health via different pathways. • Standardization of PEVs isolation and analysis remains challenging. • PEVs show great potential for managing metabolic disorders. The global rise in metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes is closely linked to gut dysbiosis. Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (pbEVs), a novel class of postbiotics, have emerged as potent therapeutic nanocarriers for metabolic regulation. This review explores the biogenesis, translocation, and mechanisms of action of pbEVs. We discuss how pbEVs enhance intestinal barrier integrity and translocate systemically to alleviate inflammation and directly influence metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues, including adipose, liver, and the cardiovascular system. Compared to live probiotics, pbEVs offer advantages such as efficient mucosal penetration, cargo protection, and enhanced safety, positioning them as ideal candidates for functional food applications. However, challenges in standardization, stability, and mechanistic understanding remain. This review highlights the potential of pbEVs as bioactive ingredients for functional foods and nutritional interventions targeting metabolic disorders.