A review of the agro-climatic suitability, nutritional value and adoption pathways of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) in Türkiye

Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is a drought-tolerant, nutrient-dense African legume whose potential in agro-ecological regions, such as Türkiye, remains underexplored. This review is the first attempt to assess its relevance for Turkish agriculture, aiming to (i) evaluate agronomic potential, (ii) summarise nutritional benefits and constraints, and (iii) examine environmental suitability. A narrative literature review drew on studies identified via keyword searches across major scholarly databases and institutional reports. Evidence shows that Bambara nut is a climate-resilient legume with high drought and heat tolerance and low fertility requirements, often outperforming common bean, soybean and groundnut in marginal and semi-arid conditions. Although global production is modest and concentrated in West and Central Africa, African germplasm displays rich genetic and phenotypic diversity that remains underutilised in breeding. Trials in Asia, China and the UK confirm adaptability beyond Africa and suitability where soybean underperforms. Nutritionally, Bambara nut provides moderate protein, high carbohydrates and key minerals, but long cooking times and anti-nutritional factors may limit acceptance, issues that can be mitigated by conventional processing. Research to date is dominated by biological and environmental sciences, with socio-economic, gender, and value-chain dimensions neglected, despite evidence of benefits for women’s incomes, food security, and progress towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2, and 5. Türkiye faces increasing drought, soil degradation, and yield instability, making Bambara nut a promising option for semi-arid regions such as Southeastern, Central Anatolia and the Mediterranean coast. Therefore, it can be integrated into existing peanut and legume systems with minimal additional machinery as a climate-smart and value-adding pulse.