This article examines a novel trend in combating organised (cyber)crime: prosecuting communication service providers for complicity in offences committed by their users. Illustrative of this approach is the high-profile case involving Pavel Durov, CEO of Telegram, launched in 2024. The authors observe that, over the past decade, bulletproof hosting providers and providers of crypto communication services have also been prosecuted. They were prosecuted on the charges of complicity for computer crimes and organised crime, such as drug trafficking facilitated through their platforms. Drawing from Dutch judgments, the article examines this prosecution strategy and identifies its challenges and risks. Moreover, the authors identify key constraints for these operations from a fundamental rights perspective.
Oerlemans et al. (Mon,) studied this question.