Investigating the interrelationship of pulse wave dynamics across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

This study aims to investigate the pulse wave characteristics across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, comparing their cardiovascular adaptations to elucidate shared physiological mechanisms and potential predictive markers for pregnancy-related cardiovascular risks. Approach: The study analyzes pulse wave characteristics, including hemodynamic parameters (cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance), waveform features, and pulse wave characteristic indices. The analysis spans two physiological cycles: (1) the menstrual cycle, with parallel evaluations of normal and dysmenorrhea groups; and (2) stratified pregnancy stages (early, mid, and late), with comparative assessments between normal and abnormal blood parameter groups. Main Results: Both the menstrual cycle and pregnancy exhibit analogous pulse wave variations, reflecting hemodynamic adjustments in cardiac output and vascular elasticity. Pregnancy stages demonstrate progressive pulse wave alterations, with abnormal blood parameters correlating with distinct waveform deviations. Menstrual cycle patterns provide a foundational model for these adaptive changes. Significance: The findings reveal a physiological continuum between menstrual and gestational cardiovascular adaptations, highlighting pulse wave analysis as a potential tool for early risk stratification. This study advances the understanding of female cardiovascular dynamics, offering implications for targeted health monitoring and intervention strategies.