Key result
Pregnancy was independently associated with changes in photoplethysmography harmonic indices, including positive associations with C2, C4, and P3, and negative associations with P1 and P4.
Why the study?
Understanding hemodynamic changes at different pregnancy stages helps identify abnormal states, and harmonic analysis could monitor the ventricular-arterial system during pregnancy.
Does harmonic analysis of photoplethysmography (PPG) identify hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women?
Observational (n=380)
Does harmonic analysis of photoplethysmography (PPG) identify hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women?
p-value: p=<0.05
Harmonic components of the PPG signal have independent predictive value for physiological changes during pregnancy, suggesting a potential non-invasive monitoring tool.
May support PPG harmonics for pregnancy monitoring; hypothesis-generating and requires prospective validation before clinical use.
Background: During pregnancy, major physiological changes occur in every system. Understanding the hemodynamic changes in different stages of pregnancy can help to identify abnormal states during pregnancy. Harmonic analysis could be a useful tool in monitoring the state of the ventricular-arterial system during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific statistical relationships between changes in harmonic indices during different stages of pregnancy. Methods: A Total of 380 women (190 pregnant women and 190 age-matched non-pregnant women), with ages ranging from 20 to 45, were enrolled in the study. The visit measured the subject’s hemodynamic parameters including heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and photoplethysmography (PPG). SBP and DBP were evaluated by an automatic blood pressure monitor. PPG signal were continuously recorded for 12-seconds using a PPG sensor. Spectrum analysis of the PPG signal was performed to evaluate the first five harmonic components (C1 – C5) and harmonic phases (P1 – P5). Result: A comparison between pregnant women and non-pregnant women showed that the non-pregnant women had lower DBP, C3, C5 and P5 (p<0.05). Waist Circumference, Heart rate, C2, C4 and P2 were higher in pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between pregnancy and harmonics indices. C2, C4 and P3 were positively and P1 and P4 were negatively associated with pregnancy after controlling age, BMI, waist circumference, heart rate, SBP and DBP. Conclusion: The results of this study provide information on the changes in the harmonic frequency components during various stages of pregnancy. The harmonic components of the PPG signal have independent predictive value for changes in a woman's physiology during pregnancy. Since non-invasive PPG measurements can be performed frequently and easily, in the future, it is possible that the hemodynamic changes from some pregnancy-related disorders could be studied by harmonic analysis.
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Chen et al. (2023) conducted an observational in Pregnancy (n=380). Pregnancy vs. Non-pregnant state was evaluated on Differences in photoplethysmography harmonic indices (C1-C5, P1-P5) (p=<0.05). Pregnancy was independently associated with changes in photoplethysmography harmonic indices, including positive associations with C2, C4, and P3, and negative associations with P1 and P4.
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