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This research investigates how citric acid affects surface properties of titanium discs with different characteristics.

April 23, 2026Current Research in Dental Sciences0 citationsOpen Access

Physical Changes Caused by Citric Acid Applied by Two Different Methods on Roughened and Unroughened Titanium Surfaces

İKİlkim Karadağ ATAdnan TezelLokman Hekim Üniversitesi İKİrem KaradagGazi Hastanesi

Key Points

This research investigates how citric acid affects surface properties of titanium discs with different characteristics.
Applied 10% citric acid for 4 minutes by immersion or rubbing on titanium discs.
Examined surface roughness and wettability before and after treatment.
Conducted statistical analyses to compare measurements across four groups.
Surface roughness parameters increased, and contact angles decreased in all groups (P=.000).
No significant difference in roughness parameters for machined (MS) groups (P=1.000).
Significant difference in roughness (Rmax) was noted for sand blasted/acid etched (SA) groups (P=.048).

Abstract

Objective: Treatment of peri-implant diseases is carried out by controlling the biofilm accumulated on implant surfaces. Decontamination of the surface with chemical agents contributes to the removal of biofilm from the surface more effectively. The aim of this study was to observe and compare the effects of citric acid decontamination protocol applied using two different methods for measuring of surface roughness and surface energy on titanium discs having two different surface characteristics.Methods: 10% CA applied for 4 minutes by immersion or rubbing on 16 machined surface (MS) and 16 sand blasted/acid etched (SA) titanium discs. When the decontamination process and the surface characteristics of the discs were combined, 4 subgroups were created. Surface roughness (Ra, Rz and Rmax) and surface wettability measurements (theta) were made at baseline and post-application. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the significance of the difference between two measurements and the significance of the difference in the results obtained from the 4 groups (P˂.05).Results: Ra increased and the contact angle diminished in all discs in 4 groups (P=.000). Analyses revealed that there was no difference between the MS groups for Ra (P=1.000) and Rz (P=.970) and the change in the Rmax was statistically significant difference between the SA groups (P=.048).Conclusion: Application of CA on the titanium surface causes different physical modifications. While rubbing on SA surfaces caused a decrease in surface roughness parameters, the contact angle decreased on both SA and MS surfaces, regardless of rubbing or immersion.Keywords: Dental implant, surface roughness, contact angle, chemical detoxification, citric acid

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