This analysis finds correlations in the behavior of Möbius and Liouville functions, suggesting implications for upper bounds.
Let [Formula: see text] denote the Riemann zeta function; let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote the Möbius and Liouville functions respectively, while [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively denote their corresponding summatory functions. We consider the correlations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is arbitrary and [Formula: see text] is suitably chosen. Under the Riemann hypothesis and simplicity of the nontrivial zeros [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] we show that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]. These results combined with numerical observations suggest that there is anticorrelation between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as well as between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where the correlation is computed using a logarithmic average. This would imply effective upper bounds on [Formula: see text].
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Gordon Chavez (2026) studied this question.
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