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On the Equivalence of the Hubble Constant and 4D Angular Velocity in Newtonian Dynamics | Synapse

April 23, 2026Open Access

On the Equivalence of the Hubble Constant and 4D Angular Velocity in Newtonian Dynamics

Key Points

This research aims to explain the universe's expansion using Newtonian dynamics with a geometric approach.
Modeling the universe as a rotating 4D hypersphere
Applying Newton's second law to cosmic expansion
The Hubble constant is identified as the rotation speed of the universe
No dark energy is necessary for explaining the expansion

Abstract

Why is the universe expanding? This paper provides a definitive answer using Newton’s second law. By modeling the universe as a rotating 4D hypersphere, the Hubble constant is revealed to be the rotation speed of the system: H =. No Dark Energy required. Just geometry and F=ma.

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Sua Lim (Tue,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e9baeb85696592c86eccc9 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19677180

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