Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

An electrochemical sensor for the determination of ciprofloxacin (CPR) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide (MIL-101/rGO). MIL-101/rGO was synthesized via a facile ultrasonic-assisted method and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. The synergistic combination of MIL-101 with rGO significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity toward CPR oxidation. The electrochemical behavior of CPR on the MIL-101/rGO-modified electrode was systematically investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a linear response over 0.25–9.41 µM and a detection limit of 0.11 µM for CPR determination. The sensor also demonstrated good selectivity, satisfactory repeatability, and long-term stability. Furthermore, the method’s practical applicability was validated by the determination of CPR in pharmaceutical samples, yielding acceptable recoveries. These results indicate that the MIL-101/rGO-modified electrode provides a promising and efficient platform for the electrochemical sensing of CPR in pharmaceutical and environmental analysis.