Shows the correlation of TGF-β isoforms and GDF-15 in retinal diseases, suggesting potential biomarkers for assessment.
Transforming growth factor-β isoforms and growth differentiation factor-15 display distinct intraocular distribution patterns depending on retinal diseases. Notably, growth differentiation factor-15 showed a consistent aqueous-vitreous correlation across disease groups, suggesting that its concentration in the aqueous humor may partially reflect posterior segment conditions and may serve as an indicative marker.
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Mieno et al. (2026) studied this question.
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