Assessment of Changes in the Annual Temperature of the Earth’s Surface in the Makazhoy Basin (Chechen Republic) Based on Remote Sensing Data

The purpose of the study is to estimate the change in the annual temperature of the Earth’s surface within the Makazhoy basin (Chechen Republic) based on data from the thermal channels of the Landsat satellite. The carbon landfill of the Kadyrov CHSU is located in the Makazhoy basin, where regenerative animal husbandry technologies are being developed, which requires a variety of information, including changes in the thermal field and thermal regime of the territory. In the absence of systematic data characterizing traditional climatic parameters, primarily air temperature, an idea of spatiotemporal changes in the thermal regime makes it possible to obtain data from remote sensing of the Earth, in particular, Landsat images. Their processing is carried out using GIS, as a result of which bitmap images are created that reflect the temperature of the Earth’s surface at the time of shooting. The images on the corresponding dates allow us to estimate the change in the TPP both over different time periods and over the studied area. Cloudless images from 2023–2025 made it possible to estimate changes in the annual temperature of the Earth’s surface within the Makazhoy basin. In conditions of difficult mountainous terrain, the thermal field is more influenced by exposure factors in the cold season, while in the warm season it is influenced by altitude factors.