Barriers and challenges to wind energy development in Poland: research summary

Wind energy, as a key sector of renewable energy, plays an important role in Poland’s energy policy and supports the objectives of economic decarbonization. The aim of this article is to identify the main barriers and challenges affecting the development of wind energy in Poland. The study applies a systematic literature review focusing on four main categories of constraints: legal, social, technical, and economic. Publications from 2021–2025 available in the Google Scholar database were analyzed. Using two search queries, 120 records were initially identified. Following a detailed screening process, 37 publications meeting the qualitative and thematic criteria were selected for further analysis. The review results indicate that the development of wind energy in Poland is limited by a number of interrelated factors. In the legal sphere, the most significant issues include regulatory instability and lengthy administrative procedures. Social barriers are mainly associated with limited local acceptance and insufficient mechanisms for stakeholder participation in investment processes. Technical constraints relate primarily to the limited capacity of transmission infrastructure and challenges related to balancing electricity generation. Economic barriers include investment risks, financial uncertainty, and difficulties in obtaining capital.