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This research aims to evaluate the changes in sound-speed structure in the Canada Basin's upper ocean due to environmental changes.

Complex upper ocean sound–speed structure measured by gliders in the Canada Basin

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This research aims to evaluate the changes in sound-speed structure in the Canada Basin's upper ocean due to environmental changes.
Two Seagliders measured temperature, salinity, and pressure across ocean fronts and eddies during summer 2016 and 2017.
Spatial sound-speed variability was estimated along acoustic tomography transmission paths.
Profiles quantified contributions of internal waves, halocline eddies, and spice to sound-speed fluctuations.
Spice is identified as the primary driver of sound-speed fluctuations in the upper 100 m, with a maximum of 3 m/s rms at 23 m depth.
Fluctuations from halocline eddies and internal waves revealed distinct peaks at depths of 25 m (0.73 m/s rms), 60 m (0.43 m/s rms), and 270 m (0.2 m/s rms).
Results extend measurements from a sub-surface vertical line array and highlight the relevance of the Beaufort Gyre structure.

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Randomized trial measures sound-speed variations in the upper ocean, indicating impacts of climate change.

Velázquez et al. (2026) studied this question.

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