Intergenerational relational dynamics in co-parenting families: a cross-sectional analysis through a systemic theoretical lens

Introduction Intergenerational co-parenting, where parents and grandparents share child-rearing responsibilities, is prevalent in Chinese families. Despite its cultural significance, few studies have examined how grandparent parent co-parenting relationship dimensions relate to broader family functioning using a systemic theoretical framework. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 710 Chinese parents (303 fathers, 407 mothers), of whom 426 reported active grandparent involvement in child-rearing. The Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (CRS) and Family Environment Scale (FES) were administered. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrap mediation analysis (PROCESS macro, Model 4, 5,000 resamples). Results Negative co-parenting dimensions (particularly undermining, M = 4.61) scored higher than positive dimensions. Co-parenting support significantly predicted overall family environment quality ( β = 0.243, p < 0.05). Co-parenting debasement negatively predicted family cohesion ( β = –0.275, p < 0.01), while division of labor positively predicted cohesion ( β = 0.224, p < 0.05). Bootstrap mediation analysis revealed that family environment partially mediated the relationship between co-parenting conflict and child behavioral difficulties (indirect effect = 0.038, 95% CI [0.011, 0.074]) Discussion Findings support systemic theoretical propositions regarding relational interdependence, structural boundaries, and circular causality within co-parenting families. Co-parenting relationship quality is significantly associated with family environment, which serves as a pathway influencing child outcomes. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report measures.