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This research aims to examine disparities in access to genitourinary care between urban and rural areas in Kazakhstan.

Challenges to equitable access to urogenital care in urban and rural Kazakhstan: a mixed-methods study

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This research aims to examine disparities in access to genitourinary care between urban and rural areas in Kazakhstan.
Conducted a cross-sectional mixed-methods study in Almaty region from 2024 to 2025.
Analyzed quantitative data from 721 participants using chi-square tests and logistic regression.
Performed qualitative interviews with 11 urologists, analyzed thematically.
Urban residents had higher education levels compared to rural residents, who reported better financial status.
Rural residents relied more on primary healthcare (PHC) services with longer waiting times; urban residents preferred private services.
Identified workforce shortages and limited diagnostic capacity as significant barriers, especially in rural areas.

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Mixed-methods study reveals disparities in genitourinary care access in urban and rural Kazakhstan, highlighting barriers.

Darmen et al. (2026) studied this question.

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