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This randomized trial shows mass acquisition in gauge bosons, suggesting alternative mechanisms for particle mass.
Based on the sign vector table (Table A) of the companion paper on 6-dimensional hypercube particle classification and the interaction framework of shape-invariant waves, this paper shows that W± and Z0 boson masses arise from standing-wave coupling without requiring the standard Higgs mechanism. The sign vector structure directly determines which particles acquire mass.
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Noriaki Kihara (2026) studied this question.
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