Exploring Associations Between Early Cognitive Impairment and Echocardiographic Markers in Middle-Aged Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Cardiometabolic Comorbidities: A Pilot Study

Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiometabolic comorbidity, have been increasingly associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. These associations, however, remain underexplored and underappreciated in middle-aged individuals with AF. This study aimed to explore the associations of early cognitive impairment with the presence of cardiometabolic comorbidities and potential associations with echocardiographic markers in middle-aged patients with and without AF. Methods: Between 2023–2024, fifty-six consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of AF aged 45–65 years underwent clinical evaluation, transthoracic echocardiography, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease battery (CERAD). A control group of 58 age group-matched individuals without known cardiometabolic disease was included in comparative cognitive analyses. Results: Patients with AF and cardiometabolic comorbidities demonstrated early cognitive deficits, particularly in episodic memory and visuospatial functions, detectable even in individuals with normal MoCA scores, compared with the control group. However, no associations were observed between cognitive performance and conventional echocardiographic parameters in the group with AF. Conclusions: This study corroborated prior evidence of an association between cardiometabolic impairment and subtle cognitive impairment, but did not identify a specific contribution of echocardiography markers. More extensive and sensitive biomarkers of left atrial structure and function may be required to detect harmful associations with subtle cognitive impairment in middle-aged individuals. Further prospective studies, with a more balanced control for comorbidities, are warranted to clarify the clinical relevance of atrial structural remodeling in this context.