Scoping review explores innovations in mRNA cancer vaccines, highlighting personalized therapies and delivery challenges.
This scoping review explores the rise of in vivo messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) cancer vaccines from 2015 to 2025, emphasizing their surge post-2021 driven by lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. Analyzing 40 clinical trials from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov, the review details antigen selection strategies (tumor-associated antigens, viral antigens, personalized neoantigens), immunostimulatory molecule-encoding vaccines (e.g., OX40 L, interleukin-12, CD40 L), combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and dual mRNA vaccines, and innovations in mRNA design (optimized uridine, modified RNA, self-replicating RNA). Delivery challenges, including liver tropism and mRNA stability, are addressed alongside strategies such as ionizable lipids and multilayer liposomes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning enhance neoantigen prediction and vaccine design, promising personalized therapies.
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Nowzari et al. (2025) studied this question.
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