Energy storage plays a pivotal role in enabling the transition to a sustainable energy future by supporting renewable energy integration and ensuring grid reliability. This work provides a comprehensive review of advanced energy storage technologies, including Electrolysis and Fuel Cell Cycles (E&FCC), Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs), Solid-State Batteries (SSBs), Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs), and Organic Solid-Flow Batteries (OSFBs). Each technology is evaluated based on key performance indicators such as energy density, efficiency, cycle life, cost, scalability, and environmental impact. We analyze the advantages and challenges associated with each system, highlighting their suitability for different applications ranging from portable electronics to large-scale grid storage. E&FCCs are noted for their long-term energy storage potential, though high initial costs limit their widespread deployment. LIBs remain dominant for portable and vehicle applications, but sustainability concerns must be addressed. SSBs offer superior energy density but face cost and scalability challenges. SIBs and OSFBs provide a balance between cost-effectiveness and performance for medium-scale applications. RFBs excel in longevity, making them ideal for grid storage despite their lower energy density. This review ultimately highlights the trade-offs between energy storage systems and provides insights into future directions for improving performance, efficiency, and sustainability in energy storage technologies.
Ahmad Saylam (2025) studied this question.