Why the study?
Does cigarette smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality in adults?
Population
5209 individuals aged 30 to 62 years at entry from the original Framingham cohort
Design
Cohort
Follow-up
34 years
Authors
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May support smoking cessation counseling; leaves open causal confirmation in interventional trials.
Does cigarette smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality in adults?
Long-term follow-up of the Framingham cohort demonstrates that cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, and overall mortality.
Freund et al. (1993) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 3 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: