Randomized trial shows high levulinic acid yield from cellulose with reduced activation energy, implying an efficient process.
Acid-free, pretreatment-free conversion of crystalline cellulose to levulinic acid (85.8% yield) via LiCl·3H 2 O/NbP/HZSM-5 synergy. Features self-acceleration, self-circulation, and reduced activation energy (ΔEa = 68.91, 67.68 kJ/mol).
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Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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