with >99.8% and 98.7% reduction in bacterial cell viability, respectively. In addition, LI reduced blood protein adsorption by >80% and prevented platelet activation by >72%. By integrating nitric oxide-releasing silicone rubber with copper nanoparticles and a liquid-infused layer, these surface modifications produce a multifunctional medical device surface with antibacterial, antithrombotic, and antifouling capabilities.
Pinon et al. (2026) studied this question.