A hybrid lean six sigma–tpm approach for reducing defects, downtime, and maintenance losses in brewery packaging operations

Brewery packaging operations are susceptible to downtime, process variation, and maintenance inefficiencies, yet evidence on structured improvement approaches in developing manufacturing contexts remains limited. This review examines the combined application of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) as a hybrid framework to improve efficiency on high-speed bottling lines. The study synthesizes theoretical foundations, empirical findings, and implementation models, highlighting how integrated LSS–TPM practices address persistent challenges, including unstable equipment performance, recurring defects, and reactive maintenance cultures. Existing literature demonstrates that Lean tools enhance flow and reduce non-value-adding activities, while Six Sigma offers analytical rigor for quality improvement, and TPM strengthens long-term equipment reliability. However,