This framework reveals how Planck's constant and fine-structure constant shape understanding of physical constants, indicating a structured hierarchy in Closure Theory.
Closure Theory (CT) proposes that physical constants are not independent empirical inputs,but arise within a structured hierarchy associated with geometric closure, transformation invariance, and projection into observable domains. In this work, we organise the principal constantsof physics into distinct categories: geometric constants, closure-action constants, transformationinvariants, coupling constants, projection constants, and intrinsic CT invariants. We show howPlanck’s constant h, the speed of light c, and the fine-structure constant α emerge as centralorganising quantities within this framework, while other constants such as e, G, and ε0 are interpreted within projection or large-scale geometric sectors. The role of intrinsic CT quantitiessuch as η0 and X3 is also discussed. This paper provides a synthesis of constants within ClosureTheory and outlines open problems and directions for experimental and theoretical validation.
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Morrow et al. (2026) studied this question.