Assessing Impacts of Electric Vehicle Chargers on Power Quality Through Measurements, Modelling and Survey Data: Norwegian Case Study

Electric vehicles (EVs) are central to reducing transport‐related emissions, and their adoption in Norway has recently surpassed that of new fossil‐fuel vehicles. Consequently, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) have become critical components of national infrastructure, deployed extensively in parking facilities, fuel stations, and along major transport corridors. While facilitating the energy transition, EVCS also contributes to harmonic distortion in low‐ and medium‐voltage distribution networks. The magnitude and spectral composition of these emissions depend on charger topology, loading conditions, and charging power levels. This paper presents case studies from Norway investigating harmonic pollution originating from charging facilities for electric buses, ferries, and passenger vehicles. Field measurements collected in 2023–2024 are benchmarked against relevant power quality standards. To complement the measurements, grid impacts of EV charging is assessed using both a conservative estimation method and a detailed harmonic modelling approach, enabling evaluation of voltage distortion in a representative suburban low‐voltage feeder. The study further examines the combined influence of EV chargers, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, and residential heat pumps on harmonic propagation and losses. Additionally, results from an EV owner survey provide insights into real‐world charging behaviour, highlighting load diversity, temporal clustering, and their implications for distribution network performance and power quality.