Modeling maize growth and development in temperate and tropical agro‐climatic systems using MAIZSIM

MAIZSIM is a mechanistic maize ( Zea mays L.) crop model with a two‐dimensional finite element‐based soil simulator, known for its detailed process‐based representation and minimal calibration requirements. While the model has been extensively applied in temperate agro‐climatic systems, its use in tropical areas has not been explored. This study evaluates the MAIZSIM model's applicability and performance under tropical cropping systems and conduct a comparative analysis with temperate systems. The study also evaluates the model's ability to simulate the impact of hot‐dry and cool‐wet conditions on crop growth and development. Two locations, representing temperate and tropical climates with similar soil types and rainfed maize cultivation from 2010 to 2021, were used for the study. Calibration and evaluation were performed using alternating years, with odd years for calibration and even years for evaluation. The simulated yields from the calibrated MAIZSIM model were comparable with measured yields in both temperate and tropical locations, as shown by an average index of agreement of 0.83, root mean square error of 1729 kg ha −1 , and mean absolute bias less than 125 kg ha −1 . This is achieved with minimal model calibration involving only two cultivar‐related parameters. These are (a) number of leaves present before the tassel appears and (b) the stay‐green factor, which controls leaf senescence. This study demonstrates MAIZSIM's ability to simulate key mechanistic processes and factors contributing to yield variations across locations and years. By showcasing its effectiveness in simulating varied agro‐climatic systems with minimal calibration, study underscores model's applicability across different agricultural settings.