The history of ancient cities is often associated with devotional sculptures that accompanied the founding process of settlements. In southern Brazil, an old city founded in 1553 has its history linked to the image of Our Lady of Grace. However, the definition of its origin presents gaps, especially regarding its historical authenticity. This study aimed to identify the botanical species associated with this sculpture using the principles of historical anatomy. The sculpture underwent X-ray and CT scan examinations. Wood samples were extracted with a Pressler borer for histology and C14 dating. The identification was based on comparative anatomy. The artifact is carved from a single wood block, exhibiting wood integrity and absence of degrading agents. The species was identified as Cedrela sp. (Meliaceae), popularly known as cedar. C14 dated the wood around 1620 AD (330 ± 30 BP), offering new parameters for reflection on the origin of the piece and its relationship with the foundation of the city, traditionally associated with the year 1553. Cedar presents physical–structural characteristics of light density, is resistant to degrading agents, and possesses a pleasant aroma and dimensional stability, favoring its cultural use by master craftsmen and highlighting the richness in the carvings of religious images. The information contained within the wood was able to elucidate historical aspects regarding the founding of the city.
Rodrigues et al. (2026) studied this question.