ABSTRACT The environmental impacts of fossil fuels and the growing need to integrate renewable energy have introduced new challenges in managing energy systems. This study proposes a two‐stage cooperative optimisation framework for the energy management of integrated multi‐carrier energy hubs (IMC‐EHs) within a multi‐microgrid system. Hierarchical decision‐making enables the distribution system operator to prioritise economic, environmental, and reliability objectives. In the first stage, operational costs are minimised, while the second stage reduces carbon emissions and energy not supplied (ENS) using the compromise programming method. The model integrates multiple storage systems to enhance operational flexibility. A cooperative game‐theoretic optimisation approach forms coalitions and allocates benefits fairly through a novel mechanism based on each IMC‐EH's local resource utilisation level and carbon emissions. A transactive energy framework facilitates energy exchange among IMC‐EHs, while AC optimal power flow analysis evaluates voltage profiles, line congestion, and power losses to maintain network stability. To address uncertainties in renewable generation, energy prices, and demand, a scenario‐based stochastic programming approach is adopted. Simulation results on the IEEE 33‐bus distribution system demonstrate enhanced system performance, achieving reductions of 23.98% in operating costs, 12.04% in emissions, and 42.78% in ENS and decreases in active and reactive losses by 8.58% and 6.24%, respectively.
Rahimzadeh et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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